Scholars

Senior Investigator

Positions:

Senior Investigator, Critical Care Medicine Department

Research Areas:

Food Science & Technology, General & Internal Medicine, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Anesthesiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cardiovascular System & Cardiology, Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Infectious Diseases, Respiratory System, Microbiology, Physiology, Immunology, Toxicology

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overview

Dr. Eichacker is a Senior Investigator and Head of the Critical Care Medicine Section in the NIH Clinical Center's Critical Care Medicine Department (CCMD). He earned his undergraduate degree from Boston University and his medical degree from New York University. After he completed a residency and chief residency in internal medicine, he had a fellowship in pulmonary medicine at Bronx Municipal Hospital Center and Hospital of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. He joined NIH in 1986 as a CCMD fellow. In 1990 he was appointed Senior Investigator and Head of the Critical Care Medicine section in CCMD.

selected publications

Academic Articles147

(2020). Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecule Expression in Clinical Sepsis Studies: A Systematic Review. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 48(9), 1365-1374.
(2020). Sepsis Bundles That Focus on Clinician Judgment and Proven Interventions Are Needed to Increase Bundle Compliance and Effectiveness. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 48(4), 602-605.
(2020). The Effects of Obesity on Outcome in Preclinical Animal Models of Infection and Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Obesity. 2020,
(2020). Checkpoint inhibitor therapy in preclinical sepsis models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. 8(1),
(2020). Driving blind: instituting SEP-1 without high quality outcomes data. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 12, S22-S36.
(2019). Antibiotic- and Fluid-Focused Bundles Potentially Improve Sepsis Management, but High-Quality Evidence Is Lacking for the Specificity Required in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service's Sepsis Bundle (SEP-1). CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 47(10), 1290-1300.
(2019). Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin, but not edema toxin, increases pulmonary artery pressure and permeability in isolated perfused rat lungs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 316(5), H1076-H1090.
(2019). Does Obesity Protect Against Death in Sepsis? A Retrospective Cohort Study of 55,038 Adult Patients. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 47(5), 643-650.
(2018). Endorsing performance measures is a matter of trust. BMJ-British Medical Journal. 360,
(2018). Evidence Underpinning the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Management Bundle (SEP-1) A Systematic Review. ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE. 168(8), 558-+.
(2018). Evidence Underpinning the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Management Bundle (SEP-1) RESPONSE. ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE. 168(8), 610-612.
(2018). Risks of restrictive red blood cell transfusion strategies in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD): a meta-analysis. TRANSFUSION MEDICINE. 28(5), 335-345.
(2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical trials testing anti-toxin therapies for B-anthracis infection: A need for more robust study designs and results. PLoS One. 12(8),
(2017). Analysis of Anthrax Immune Globulin Intravenous with Antimicrobial Treatment in Injection Drug Users, Scotland, 2009-2010. EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 23(1), 56-65.
(2017). Anthrax immune globulin improves hemodynamics and survival during B. anthracis toxin-induced shock in canines receiving titrated fluid and vasopressor support. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. 5,
(2017). Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin Increases Fractional Free Water and Sodium Reabsorption in an Isolated Perfused Rat Kidney Model. INFECTION AND IMMUNITY. 85(7),
(2017). Shock and lethality with anthrax edema toxin in rats are associated with reduced arterial responsiveness to phenylephrine and are reversed with adefovir. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 313(5), H946-H958.
(2017). The Potential Pathogenic Contributions of Endothelial Barrier and Arterial Contractile Dysfunction to Shock Due to B-anthracis Lethal and Edema Toxins. Toxins. 9(12),
(2016). Increased body mass index and adjusted mortality in ICU patients with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CRITICAL CARE. 20,
(2016). Nitric oxide production contributes to Bacillus anthracis edema toxin-associated arterial hypotension and lethality: ex vivo and in vivo studies in the rat. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 311(3), H781-H793.
(2015). An overview of investigational toxin-directed therapies for the adjunctive management of Bacillus anthracis infection and sepsis. EXPERT OPINION ON INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS. 24(7), 851-865.
(2015). Bacillus anthracis edema but not lethal toxin challenge in rats is associated with depressed myocardial function in hearts isolated and tested in a Langendorff system. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 308(12), H1592-H1602.
(2015). Does Bacillus anthracis Lethal Toxin Directly Depress Myocardial Function? A Review of Clinical Cases and Preclinical Studies. Toxins. 7(12), 5417-5434.
(2014). Confirmed Bacillus anthracis Infection among Persons Who Inject Drugs, Scotland, 2009-2010. EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 20(9), 1452-1463.
(2014). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in lethal canine Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM. 307(11), E994-E1008.
(2014). Purified cell wall from the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus gasseri activates systemic inflammation and, at higher doses, produces lethality in a rat model. CRITICAL CARE. 18(4),
(2014). Tidal Volume and Plateau Pressure Use for Acute Lung Injury From 2000 to Present: A Systematic Literature Review. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 42(10), 2278-2289.
(2013). Antitumor Necrosis Factor Therapy Is Associated With Improved Survival in Clinical Sepsis Trials: A Meta-Analysis. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 41(10), 2419-2429.
(2013). B. anthracis associated cardiovascular dysfunction and shock: the potential contribution of both non-toxin and toxin components. BMC Medicine. 11,
(2013). B. anthracis edema toxin increases cAMP levels and inhibits phenylephrine-stimulated contraction in a rat aortic ring model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 305(2), H238-H250.
(2013). Bacillus anthracis Cell Wall Peptidoglycan but Not Lethal or Edema Toxins Produces Changes Consistent With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in a Rat Model. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 208(6), 978-989.
(2013). The Surviving Sepsis Campaign's Revised Sepsis Bundles. Current Infectious Disease Reports. 15(5), 385-393.
(2012). An overview of anthrax infection including the recently identified form of disease in injection drug users. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 38(7), 1092-1104.
(2012). Beneficial effects of stress-dose corticosteroid therapy in canines depend on the severity of staphylococcal pneumonia. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 38(12), 2063-2071.
(2012). Efficacy of selective mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid agonists in canine septic shock. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 40(1), 199-207.
(2012). Protective Antigen Antibody Augments Hemodynamic Support in Anthrax Lethal Toxin Shock in Canines. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 205(5), 818-829.
(2011). Anthrax Infection. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 184(12), 1333-1341.
(2011). Anthrax edema toxin has cAMP-mediated stimulatory effects and high-dose lethal toxin has depressant effects in an isolated perfused rat heart model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 300(3), H1108-H1118.
(2011). Delayed treatment with W1-mAb, a chimpanzee-derived monoclonal antibody against protective antigen, reduces mortality from challenges with anthrax edema or lethal toxin in rats and with anthrax spores in mice. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 39(6), 1439-1447.
(2011). Eritoran tetrasodium (E5564) treatment for sepsis: review of preclinical and clinical studies. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 7(4), 479-494.
(2011). The Potential Contributions of Lethal and Edema Toxins to the Pathogenesis of Anthrax Associated Shock. Toxins. 3(9), 1185-1202.
(2011). The effect of heparin administration in animal models of sepsis: A prospective study in Escherichia coli-challenged mice and a systematic review and metaregression analysis of published studies. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 39(5), 1104-1112.
(2011). The evolving experience with therapeutic TNF inhibition in sepsis: considering the potential influence of risk of death. EXPERT OPINION ON INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS. 20(11), 1555-1564.
(2011). The individual survival benefits of tumor necrosis factor soluble receptor and fluid administration are not additive in a rat sepsis model. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 37(10), 1688-1695.
(2010). Anthrax Lethal and Edema Toxins Produce Different Patterns of Cardiovascular and Renal Dysfunction and Synergistically Decrease Survival in Canines. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 202(12), 1885-1896.
(2010). Bacillus anthracis cell wall produces injurious inflammation but paradoxically decreases the lethality of anthrax lethal toxin in a rat model. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 36(1), 148-156.
(2010). Bundled care for septic shock: An analysis of clinical trials. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 38(2), 668-678.
(2010). Evaluating guidelines for critical care: a need for detail. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 36(10), 1631-1632.
(2010). Practice Misalignments in Randomized Controlled Trials: Identification, Impact, and Potential Solutions. ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA. 111(2), 444-450.
(2010). Risk of death and the efficacy of eritoran tetrasodium (E5564): Design considerations for clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents in sepsis. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 38(1), 306-308.
(2010). SB203580, a p38 Inhibitor, Improved Cardiac Function but Worsened Lung Injury and Survival During Escherichia coli Pneumonia in Mice. 68(6), 1317-1327.
(2010). Walk a Mile in Whose Shoes?. ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA. 111(2), 576-577.
(2009). Antithrombosis Trials: Should we test therapeutic heparin adjusted based on activated partial thromboplastin time in septic shock?. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 37(4), 1486-1487.
(2009). Can we predict the effects of NF-kappa B inhibition in sepsis? Studies with parthenolide and ethyl pyruvate. EXPERT OPINION ON INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS. 18(8), 1047-1060.
(2009). Effects of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in a model of septic shock. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 37(1), 7-18.
(2009). Growing insights into the potential benefits and risks of activated protein C administration in sepsis: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Biologics-Targets & Therapy. 3, 391-406.
(2009). Norepinephrine increases blood pressure but not survival with anthrax lethal toxin in rats. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 37(4), 1348-1354.
(2009). Recombinant human activated protein C, package labeling, and hemorrhage risks. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 37(1), 327-329.
(2009). The Heart Is an Early Target of Anthrax Lethal Toxin in Mice: A Protective Role for Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS). PLoS Pathogens. 5(5),
(2009). The effects of steroids during sepsis depend on dose and severity of illness: an updated meta-analysis. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION. 15(4), 308-318.
(2008). Ethyl pyruvate decreased early nuclear factor-kappa B levels but worsened survival in lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 36(4), 1059-1067.
(2008). Once is not enough: clinical trials in sepsis. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 34(11), 1955-1960.
(2008). Risk of death does not alter the efficacy of hydrocortisone therapy in a mouse E-coli pneumonia model. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 34(3), 568-577.
(2008). The importance of usual care control groups for safety monitoring and validity during critical care research. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 34(5), 942-947.
(2007). A canine model of septic shock: balancing animal welfare and scientific relevance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 293(4), H2487-H2500.
(2007). Bacillus anthracis edema and lethal toxin have different hemodynamic effects but function together to worsen shock and outcome in a rat model. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 195(4), 572-580.
(2007). Fluid support worsens outcome and negates the benefit of protective antigen-directed monoclonal antibody in a lethal toxin-infused rat Bacillus anthracis shock model. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 35(6), 1560-1567.
(2007). Increasing evidence that the risks of rhAPC may outweigh its benefits. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 33(3), 396-399.
(2007). Lethal and edema toxins in the pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis septic shock - Implications for therapy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 175(3), 211-221.
(2007). Neuronal nitric oxide synthase deficiency decreases survival in bacterial peritonitis and sepsis. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 33(11), 1993-2003.
(2007). New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of anthrax toxin-induced shock. EXPERT OPINION ON BIOLOGICAL THERAPY. 7(6), 843-854.
(2007). Randomization in clinical trials of titrated therapies: Unintended consequences of using fixed treatment protocols. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 35(6), 1509-1516.
(2007). Separating practice guidelines from pharmaceutical marketing. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 35(12), 2877-2878.
(2006). Antithrombotic therapies for sepsis: A need for more studies. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 34(2), 538-541.
(2006). DTPA Fe(III) decreases cytokines and hypotension but worsens survival with Escherichia coli sepsis in rats. INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE. 32(8), 1263-1270.
(2006). Effective dosing of lipid a analogue E5564 in rats depends on the timing of treatment and the route of Escherichia coli infection. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 193(5), 634-644.
(2006). Parthenolide has limited effects on nuclear factor-kappa beta increases and worsens survival in lipopolysaccharide-challenged C57BL/6J mice. CYTOKINE. 33(6), 299-308.
(2006). Preclinical trial of L-arginine monotherapy alone or with N-acetylcysteine in septic shock. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 34(11), 2719-2728.
(2006). Sublethal doses of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin inhibit inflammation with lipopolysaccharide and Escherichia coli challenge but have opposite effects on survival. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 193(6), 829-840.
(2006). Surviving sepsis - Practice guidelines, marketing campaign, and Eli Lilly. NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 355(16), 1640-1642.
(2005). Late treatment with a protective antigen-directed monoclonal antibody improves hemodynamic function and survival in a lethal toxin-infused rat model of anthrax sepsis. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 191(3), 422-434.
(2005). Mechanical ventilation in ARDS: One size does not fit all. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 33(5), 1141-1143.
(2005). Neutrophil inhibition with L-selectin-directed MAb improves or worsens survival dependent on the route but not severity of infection in a rat sepsis model. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY. 98(6), 2155-2162.
(2005). Neutrophil stimulation with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor worsens ventilator-induced lung injury and mortality in rats. ANESTHESIOLOGY. 103(5), 996-1005.
(2005). Novel therapies for sepsis: A review. 58(4), 867-874.
(2005). Prophylactic high-dose N-omega-monomethyl-L-arginine prevents the late cardiac dysfunction associated with lethal tumor necrosis factor-alpha challenge in dogs. SHOCK. 23(3), 281-288.
(2005). Reassessing recombinant human activated protein C for sepsis: Time for a new randomized controlled trial. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 33(10), 2426-2428.
(2004). Activated protein C in sepsis: emerging insights regarding its mechanism of action and clinical effectiveness. CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 17(3), 205-211.
(2004). Corticosteroids for septic shock. ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE. 141(9), 742-743.
(2004). Differing effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on survival in a canine model of septic shock. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 287(6), H2545-H2554.
(2004). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor has differing effects comparing intravascular versus extravascular models of sepsis. 57(3), 618-625.
(2004). Lethality during continuous anthrax lethal toxin infusion is associated with circulatory shock but not inflammatory cytokine or nitric oxide release in rats. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY. 286(4), R699-R709.
(2004). Meta-analysis: The effect of steroids on survival and shock during sepsis depends on the dose. ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE. 141(1), 47-56.
(2004). Recombinant human activated protein C in sepsis: Assessing its clinical use. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES. 328(4), 215-219.
(2004). Severity of sepsis alters the effects of superoxide anion inhibition in a rat sepsis model. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY. 97(4), 1349-1357.
(2004). Should we continue to target the platelet-activating factor pathway in septic patients?. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 32(2), 585-588.
(2004). Substantiating the concerns about recombinant human activated protein C use in sepsis. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 32(12), 2542-2543.
(2004). The efficacy of drotrecogin alfa depends on severity of illness. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 32(11), 2347-2347.
(2003). Increasing the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents used in the treatment of sepsis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 22(1), 1-9.
(2003). Long-term cost effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated): An unanswered question. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 31(1), 308-309.

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Academic Articles147